12. Cope, F.W. 1976. Superconductivity - a possible mechanism for non-thermal biological effects of
microwaves.
J. Microwave Power
11:267.
13. Antonowicz, K. 1974. Possible superconductivity at room temperature.
Nature
247:358.
14. Bowman, J. R.
. A new transmission line leading to a self-stabilizing system. In Principles of self-
organization, p. 417. New York: Pergamon.
15. Szent-Gyorgyi, S. 1968.
Bioelectronics
, p. 79. New York: Academic.
PART FOUR: Applied Electromagnetic Energy: Risks and Benefits
Chapter10: Health Risks Due to Artificial Electromagnetic Energy in the Environment
Introduction
Levels in the Environment
Epidemiological Studies and Surveys
Analysis
Summary
References
Introduction
In 1873, on the basis of a mathematical analysis, English physicist James Clerk Maxwell
concluded that light was a propagating wave composed of electricity and magnetism. Some of
Maxwell's contemporaries rejected his theory because it seemed to predict too much-an infinite number
of non-light waves, none of which had ever been detected. But other scientists began searching for the
invisible waves and in 1888 Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, succeeded. Using what today would
be called a transmitter and a receiver, he proved the existence of electromagnetic waves having a
frequency of 30 MHz.
Hertz died in 1894 and Guliermo Marconi, then only twenty, read his obituary in an Italian
electrical journal. It seemed to Marconi that Hertzian waves had a vast potential in the field of
communications; by 1896 he had repeated Hertz's experiments, but with the receiver more than two
miles away, not just on the other side of the room. Many successes followed, leading directly to the
development of radio in 1910.
In 1922, while accepting the Medal of Honor of the American Institute of Radio Engineers, Marconi
said:
In some of my tests, I have noticed the effects of reflection and deflection of
[electromagnetic] waves by metallic objects miles away. It seems to me that it should be
possible to design apparatus by means of which a ship could radiate or project a divergent
beam of these rays in any desired direction, which rays, if coming across a metallic object,
such as a ship, would be reflected back to a receiver and thereby immediately reveal the
presence and bearing of ships.
ELECTROMAGNETISM & LIFE - 132